Presenter
Zayden Hill
Document Type
Poster
Publication Date
2025
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects over 22 million Americans today. Typically, ADHD is first presented during childhood, the exact cause of ADHD is unknown. Genetic mutations, such as those in the DRD4 gene on chromosome 11, have been linked to ADHD. This gene encodes for dopamine receptor D4, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase, an enzyme involved in cell signaling. A missense mutation in DRD4 could hinder the receptor function, contributing to inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsivity--core symptoms of ADHD. Epigenetics also plays a role in ADHD development and symptomology. Maternal omega-3 supplementation has been linked to increased attention spans in infants, while exposure to neurotoxins, such as lead, has increased ADHD symptoms. These findings explain how environmental factors impact the expression of genes involved in ADHD. Current treatments for ADHD include pharmacological stimulants and non-stimulants, cognitive behavioral therapy, and nutritional therapy. Progress in science aims to enhance these medications to include norepinephrine modulators, to rewire the brain and maintain normal levels of norepinephrine to reduce ADHD symptoms over time. This research examines the complex overlap of genetic mutations, epigenetics, and treatment approaches for ADHD. As science reveals more about the DRD4 gene and other genes related to ADHD, unique treatments can be curated to improve ADHD symptomology.
Faculty Mentor
Kristin Rosler, Ph.D.
Academic Discipline
College of Arts & Sciences
Repository Citation
Hill, Zayden, "The Genetic Role of the Dopamine Receptor D4 Gene" (2025). Student Research Design & Innovation Symposium. 200.
https://scholarsarchive.jwu.edu/innov_symposium/200
